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Do we have an immaterial soul?

Background

The belief in an immaterial soul requires that central aspects of a person, such as consciousness, memories, and personality, are not contingent upon our physical bodies. The concept was first formalized in western philosophy by Rene Descartes in the 17th century, who proposed that our soul interacts with our body via the pineal gland in the brain. That theory has since been rejected by mainstream science.

Implications to Other Questions


Experts

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Agree
Experts In Philosophy


René Descartes    Father of Western Philosophy
Agree
These men will be composed, as we are, of a soul and a body. First I must describe the body on its own; then the soul, again on its own; and finally I must show how these two natures would have to be joined and united in order to constitute men who resemble us.
01 Jan 1629    Source


Experts In Religion


The Catholic Church    Largest Christian Church
Agree
The Church teaches that every spiritual soul is created immediately by God - it is not "produced" by the parents - and also that it is immortal: it does not perish when it separates from the body at death, and it will be reunited with the body at the final Resurrection.
01 Jan 1992    Source


Disagree
Experts In Philosophy


Daniel Dennett    Philosophy Professor
Disagree
There is no privileged center, no soul, no place where it all comes together—aside from the brain itself. ... I have come to realize over the years that the hidden agenda for most people concerned about consciousness and the brain (and evolution, and artificial intelligence) is a worry that unless there is a bit of us that is somehow different, and mysteriously insulated from the material world, we can’t have free will—and then life will have no meaning.
18 Aug 2008    Source


Experts In Science


Richard Dawkins    Evolutionary Biologist, Writer, Atheism Activist
Disagree
...The theory that there is something non-material about life, some non-physical vital principle [...] according to which a body has to be animated by some anima [or] vitalized by a vital force. Energized by some mysterious energy. Spiritualized by some mysterious spirit. Made conscious by some mysterious thing or substance called consciousness. In [this] sense of [a soul] science has either killed the soul or is in the process of doing so [but] science [is absolutely not] killing soulfulness...
10 Feb 1999    Source


Experts In Law


Thomas Jefferson    3rd United States President
Disagree
To talk of immaterial existences is to talk of nothings. To say that the human soul, angels, God, are immaterial, is to say they are nothings, or that there is no God, no angels, no soul. I cannot reason otherwise [...]. At what age of the Christian church this heresy of immaterialism, this masked atheism, crept in, I do not know. But a heresy it certainly is. Jesus told us indeed that 'God is a spirit,' but he has not defined what a spirit is, nor said that it is not matter.
15 Aug 1820    Source


Experts In Parapsychology


Susan Blackmore    Psychology Lecturer, Former Parapsychologist
Disagree
Imagine a world in which each of us has a special inner core - a ‘real self’ - that makes us who we are, that can think and move independently of our coarse physical body, and that ultimately survives death, giving meaning to our otherwise short and pointless lives. This is (roughly speaking) how most people think the world is. It is how I used to think -and even hope - that the world is. I devoted 25 years of my life to trying to find out whether it is. Now I have given up.
01 Jan 2001    Source



Comments

Add Your TakeOnIt (click to expand, no login required)
JGWeissman gave their takeonit on 06 Mar 2010
Disagree
To the extent that a person can be said to have soul, it is implemented by neurons and other physical structures.

The existence of ontologically basic mental things is a complex hypothesis with no supporting evidence.


m_hopwood gave their takeonit on 15 May 2009
Agree
The fact that we have a soul is just a matter (no pun intended) of experience. Sts. Augustine and Thomas Aquinas dealt with this philosophically way before Descartes, and did not rely on some magical material "anchor" for the soul.

Most of the arguments against this basic evidence actually assume the soul must be material, then, when they don't find it, they claim to have demonstrated the soul does not exist.

C.f. the pinneal gland bit; there need not be material "anchor" for an immaterial soul. This argument is a straw man.

A bit like when Russian astronauts left the Earth's atmosphere and didn't find God sitting up there waiting for them.


Benja replied with their takeonit on 15 May 2009
General Comment
Thanks for your thoughts.

I agree with you that the belief that we have a soul, as in have a sense of identity, awareness, sense of meaning etc., is a matter of experience. However, to say that we have an *immaterial* soul is saying something very different. It's saying that our soul - however you prefer to define it - isn't contingent upon our physical bodies. That's not a question you can settle by appealing to experience. It's a question whose answer depends on evidence and reasoning.

No doubt there's some arguments against the existence of an immaterial soul that beg the question, which assume that the soul must be material. But as you say, strawmen arguments are no good, so let's not use bad arguments for the opposing position as evidence to support our own position (the so called fallacy-fallacy). Tbe good arguments against the soul certainly don't assume that the soul must be material. Rather, they say that the soul, whether it be immaterial or material - must interact with the material world. If it wasn't the case, we couldn't even be talking about it - because parts of our body - such as our lips and tongue and fingertips - are able to communicate the message of the soul, as I'm doing right now (assuming I'm not a calculating machine ;)).

So we know that the soul does interact with the material world. The question then becomes: how? At this point we can speculate about how an immaterial soul interacts with a material body (presumably the link is in our brain), but this seems awfully 17th century thinking; a hangover from the days of Descartes' dualism. Surely the simpler explanation is that our brain *is* the substrate of our soul, rather than a mere transmitter/receiver to an immaterial world. And sure enough, when we look at the human brain, we don't find structures looking like radio parts, we find neural connections that hold memories; i.e. we find the underpinnings for our soul purely in the material world.